Sofema Online (SOL) considers the changes to Regulation 1321/2014 related to the introduction of Electric, Hybrid, and Non-Conventional Aircraft

Introduction

The European Commission's Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/111, published on 24 January 2025, introduces significant amendments to the continuing airworthiness framework under Regulation (EU) No 1321/2014. These changes aim to address gaps and future-proof the regulation in light of rapidly evolving technologies, especially electric- and hybrid-propulsion and non-conventional aircraft. The changes take effect on 13 February 2026.

Inclusion of Electric, Hybrid, and Non-Conventional Aircraft

• Definitions have been updated to explicitly include:

>> “Electric power plant” aircraft (new B1.E category)

>> “Non-conventional aircraft” (aircraft other than aeroplanes, helicopters, sailplanes, balloons, or airships)

• Non-conventional aircraft are now properly categorised for continuing airworthiness, eliminating previous ambiguity.

Amendments to the Definition of Complex Motor-Powered Aircraft

• Definition expanded to cover non-conventional aircraft based on weight, passenger capacity, or unique flight capabilities (e.g., zero horizontal speed capability).

• Adjustment to avoid over-regulating simple tilt-rotors as if they were large, complex aircraft.

New Aircraft Maintenance Licence Subcategories

• Introduction of B1.E for aeroplanes with electric power plants and MTOM < 5,700 kg.

• Adjustments across categories A, B1, B2, B3, and L to accommodate electric, hybrid, and non-conventional aircraft.

• Corresponding updates to training requirements, practical experience, module structures, and endorsement procedures.

Regulatory Derogations & Transitional Measures

• Temporary provisions (until 13 Feb 2028) allow simplified endorsement of electric aircraft on B1.1 or B1.2 licences under specific conditions.

• Transitional OJT and training allowances for newly certificated electric aircraft types within a 30-month period from type certificate issuance.

Updated Applicability for Part-ML (Annex Vb)

• Part-ML now applies to certain non-conventional aircraft with:

>> MTOM ≤ 1,200 kg (if capable of zero horizontal speed)

>> MTOM ≤ 2,730 kg for others

• Ensures proportional regulation of small non-conventional types.

Annex Updates (Parts M, 145, 66, 147, ML, CAO)

Key amendments include:

• Part-M: Inclusion of electric propulsion systems and high-pressure components in maintenance scope.

• Part-145: Updated certifying staff categories and rating limitations for electric and hybrid aircraft.

• Part-66: New theoretical Module 18 (Electric Power Plant); major restructuring of Module 11 and practical experience rules.

• Part-147: Updated to reflect revised training modules and durations.

• Part-ML & Part-CAO: Expanded to align with new aircraft categories.

Training and Examination Structure Enhancements

• Module 18 introduced for Electric Power Plants, with detailed coverage of:

>> Batteries, fuel cells, electric energy distribution

>> Electronic engine control, monitoring, installation, and preservation

• Updated examination durations, training hours, and practical requirements for B1.E and related categories.

Summary

This regulation represents a significant shift to integrate new propulsion technologies and aircraft configurations. By expanding licensing categories, maintenance rules, and training structures, Regulation (EU) 2025/111 ensures that electric, hybrid, and non-conventional aircraft are included within the EASA Regulatory Environment.

Next Steps

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